Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a water-soluble polymer available as a white solid powder, with its solubility dependent on the degree of hydrolysis. It is considered one of the strongest wastewater pollutants due to its persistence in the environment. Applications Paper & Textile Industry: Used as a thickening agent. Adhesives: Forms strong molecular bonds, making it widely used in glues and adhesives. Coatings, Resins & 3D Printing: Acts as an emulsion stabilizer in polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) adhesives, various coatings, and resins. Medical Industry: Used in contact lenses and eye drops due to its: Low protein adhesion Low toxicity Biocompatibility Grades & Polymerization PVA is classified by its degree of polymerization and viscosity. Two commonly used grades are: 2488: Higher viscosity & higher polymerization degree. 2088: Lower viscosity compared to 2488.